A probe may be used to examine this area for nerve damage.
·Normally touching anus causes anal sphincter to contract and the anus to pucker.
Surgery
Foecal incontinence may require surgery to correct
Rectal prolapse or
Sphincter damage caused by childbirth. Sphincteroplasty. This procedure repairs a damaged or weakened anal sphincter that occurred during childbirth. The injured area of muscle and edges are freed from the surrounding tissue. The muscle edges are stitched back together in an overlapping fashion, strengthening the muscle and tightening the sphincter.
The Blue part is the internal anal sphincter. The red is the Pudendal nerve S 2.3.4. The yellow is the external anal sphincter deep, superficial and subcutaneous parts.
Anal sphincters and nerve supply
Drawing by Dr Serag Youssif
1) Characteristic facial features
Flattened midface
Thin upper lip
Indistinct/absent philtrum
Short eye slits
2) Growth retardation
Lower birth weight
Disproportional weight not due to nutrition, height
Weight below the 5th percentile
3) Central Nervous System Abnormalities "neurodevelopmental"
Impaired fine motor skills,
Learning disabilities,
Behaviour disorders
Mental handicap (found in 50% of FAS)
To diagnose PFAS, only two of the three above criteria must be present and must include some facial features and brain differences.
To diagnose ARND, only one of the above three criteria must be present and must be a brain difference.
These fetal alcohol effects are often thought to be less damaging than the "full-blown" syndrome, however, they are often more debilitating to the person's quality of life.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects are PERMANENT and cannot be outgrown.
FAS/FAE babies and young children may have other specific distinguishable features:
Short stature
Small and thin
Hearing defects
Organ imperfections
Bone problems
Difficulty with eating
Difficulty developing a regular sleeping schedule
Difficulty learning how to walk
Difficulty learning toilet training
Impulsivity (i.e. running out into the street)
Hyperactivity
FAS/FAE children have learning disabilities, which include
Difficulties in learning language and language use
Difficulties in generalizing information
Difficulties in mastering new or recently learned skills
Difficulties in recent memory (ie. yesterday events)
Difficulties inpredicting outcomes or cause and effect
Difficulties indistinguishing fact from fantasy
Difficulties in distinguishing friends from strangers
Donot learn from experience as they
Do not understand cause and effect
FAS/FAE adults continue to have the same learning difficulties they had as youth, and also often have difficulty with: